Sexually transmitted diseases and their consequences: A guide for sufferers

STIs are an often ignored but widespread problem that affects many people. While awareness about sexual health is increasing, the topic of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) often remains surrounded by shame and stigma. As a result, those affected do not receive the help and information they urgently need.

The variety of STIs ranges from common infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea to more serious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis. Each of these diseases has its own symptoms and can have serious consequences for the health and well-being of those affected. A better understanding of these infections is crucial in order to be able to act in time.

This guide presents the different types of sexually transmitted diseases, their symptoms, treatment options and, above all, prevention measures. The aim is to increase knowledge about STIs and help those affected to make informed decisions about their sexual health.

Sexually transmitted diseases overview

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are usually caused by viruses, bacteria or other microorganisms. The exchange of bodily fluids during sexual contact is often the cause. Symptoms include unusual discharge, pain when urinating, itching, abdominal pain, tiredness and fever.

Some STIs can be transmitted to the child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. It is particularly important to protect against diseases such as HIV. If someone often gets STIs, the risk of HIV. Prevention measures such as PrEP should therefore be considered.

Here are some infections against which vaccination is possible:

• Hepatitis A and B
• HPV (human papillomavirus)

Vaccination offers effective protection against these diseases.

Typical symptoms of STIs:

Regular examinations and safe sexual behavior are important to prevent STIs.

Introduction to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections, or STIs for short, are transmitted through sexual contact. This can be vaginal, anal or oral. Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites are the cause. The exchange of bodily fluids, including semen, vaginal secretions or blood, can spread infections.

There are an estimated 1 million new STI transmissions worldwide every day. Many of these infections go undetected and are therefore passed on unnoticed.

Safer sex techniques help to protect yourself. The use of condoms or other barrier methods is very effective. Nevertheless, there is always a small residual risk.

STIs can have serious consequences for your health. These include infertility and an increased risk of cancer. Regular testing and early treatment are therefore important.

Important points:

• Transmission routes:
• • Vaginal
  • Anal
  • Oral
• Prevention:
• • Condoms
  • Barrier methods
• Consequences of untreated STIs:
• • Infertility
  • Cancer

Regular checks and risk assessment should be part of responsible sexuality.

Types of sexually transmitted diseases

Sexually transmitted infections, also known as STIs, are infections that are transmitted through sexual contact. These diseases are usually spread through sexual intercourse. Some STIs can be asymptomatic, which makes them difficult to detect. Typical symptoms include discharge, pain when urinating and unusual skin changes. Viruses and bacteria are common triggers, as with gonorrheaa bacterial infection. Infections can also be caused by close physical contact or blood-to-blood contact.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia are one of the most common STIs in Germany. They cause inflammation in the urinary tract, genitals and rectum. The infection is usually transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, but also through oral sex. In men, around 50% of infections show no symptoms. Common symptoms are pain and burning when urinating. Infections of the rectum are often asymptomatic. A chlamydia test can be carried out a few days after contact. Early treatment with antibiotics is very effective.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrheaknown as gonorrhea, is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It affects both men and women, especially young adults. If left untreated, it can become chronic and cause infertility. Gonorrhea can also cause inflammation of the joints and heart. In pregnant women, an infection can lead to the risk of premature birth and complications for newborns. Treatment is with antibiotics. However, increasing resistance of the pathogens is a growing problem. Simultaneous treatment of all sexual partners helps to avoid reinfection.

Syphilis

Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted through contact with damaged skin or mucous membranes. The disease progresses in three stages. The first symptoms are usually unnoticed ulcers. If left untreated syphilis can lead to severe organ damage. A diagnosis requires experienced doctors and special tests. Syphilis is treated with penicillin. Early treatment can cure the disease completely. In the later stages, permanent damage can occur, but treatment stops the progression.

HPV (human papillomavirus)

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause genital warts and are one of the most common virus-related STIs. Certain types of HPV can cause cell changes that can lead to cancer years later, including cervical cancer. HPV also increases the risk of other genital and cervical cancers. HPV vaccination offers protection against cancer-causing HPV types. Regular examinations are important in order to detect cell changes at an early stage. HPV is mainly transmitted sexually and the risk of infection increases with the number of sexual partners.

Hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis B and C are mainly transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse and blood-to-blood contact. In contrast Hepatitis A is transmitted orally through contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B heals spontaneously in 90-95% of cases, while only 20% of hepatitis C-cases heal without treatment. Both forms can become chronic and lead to severe liver damage. The incubation period is two weeks to six months. For hepatitis B there are also effective therapies that can prevent the progression to chronic hepatitis.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

HIV is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids such as blood, semen or vaginal fluids. The risk is highest during unprotected anal and vaginal intercourse. After an infection, it can take weeks until HIV tests are conclusive. HIV targets cells of the immune system and can lead to AIDS, which increases the risk of infection. In 2020, around 1.5 million people worldwide were diagnosed with HIV. HIV is not the same as AIDS; it damages the immune system before it can lead to AIDS.

Symptoms and signs

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause many different symptoms. Often these affect the sexual organs. However, it is important to know that many of these infections show no symptoms. This makes regular testing particularly important.

General symptoms of STIs

• Unusual dischargeMay smell unpleasant.
• Pain or burning when urinating
• Itching and changes in the mucous membrane
• Abdominal pain and bleeding disordersEspecially in women.
• General symptomsThese include tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and sore throat.

Specific symptoms depending on the disease

• Chlamydia:
• • Women: unusual discharge, pain when urinating, intermenstrual bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse.
  • Men: white or watery discharge from the penis, pain when urinating, painful swelling of the testicles.
• Syphilis:
• • Early stage: painless ulcers in the genital area.
  • Later: swollen lymph nodes, general exhaustion.
• Gonorrhea:
• • Symptoms: purulent discharge, pain when urinating.
  • For infections of the throat: usually asymptomatic.

Regular health checks can help to detect and treat STIs at an early stage.

Prevention of sexually transmitted infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are serious health problems caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. The most common form of transmission is sexual intercourse without condom. To reduce the risk of infection, you should condoms or vaginal condoms should be used regularly and correctly.

In addition, vaccinations offer good protection against certain STIs such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B and HPV. Early examinations can help to avoid serious health consequences such as infertility or cancer. It is important that sexual partners are also informed and treated to prevent re-infection.

Safer sex practices

Safer sex includes methods that prevent semen, vaginal fluid and blood from entering a partner's body. Condoms, latex or leaking wipes are effective means of protection during vaginal and anal intercourse.

In addition, avoiding contact with visibly altered areas of skin helps to reduce the risk. Regular testing for STIs is particularly important if you have symptoms. Thorough hygiene, such as washing the genitals after using condomscan further reduce the risk of infection.

The importance of education

Education about STIs is crucial for prevention. It increases awareness of infection risks and protective measures. Condoms are essential protection against most sexually transmitted diseases.

An early examination and medical consultation is recommended, especially if an STI is suspected. Vaccinations against Hepatitis B and HPV are important preventative measures and should be part of the information provided. Screening programs advise people to get tested regularly, even without symptoms, in order to identify undetected infections.

Diagnostics and tests

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) often require an accurate diagnosis in order to be treated effectively. This is usually done by taking a swab from the site of infection, such as the urethra, cervix, anus or throat. This helps to determine the exact type of infection.

For frequently changing sexual partners, regular tests are useful to detect infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis at an early stage. Women under the age of 25 can undergo a free annual chlamydia free of charge. This test is also mandatory for abortions. Since 2021, tests for Hepatitis B and C part of the health check-up (Check-up 35). PCR analysis is a common method for the diagnosis of gonorrheaby detecting the DNA of gonococci in primary urine.

Regular STI tests

Regular STI tests are important as many infections show no symptoms and can easily be passed on. If left untreated, they can have serious health consequences. In Germany, many tests are free of charge as part of prenatal care in order to minimize risks for mother and child.

Although safe sex offers the best protection against infection, there is always a residual risk. The WHO estimates that around 1 million STI transmissions occur worldwide every day. In the USA, there are over 25 million new cases every year, especially among 15 to 24-year-olds, which makes regular testing even more important.

Testing options and procedures

There are various ways to get tested for STIs. Projects such as s.a.m health offer tests that are discreetly sent to your home by post. An examination by a doctor is also an option, especially if you have symptoms or have had sexual contact with an infected person.

Most modern tests can detect an HIV infection as early as 6 weeks after infection. Swabs are also available to diagnose infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia make it possible. Antimicrobial agents are often used for treatment, but drug resistance makes treatment more complicated.

Simple test options could be described in a table:

Regular checks and tests help to detect infections at an early stage and treat them in a targeted manner.

Treatment options

Dealing with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) often requires specific treatments. There are no specific treatments for most HPV infections, as the immune system is often able to fight the infection itself. However, for persistent HPV infections, measures to remove abnormal cells or genital warts may be necessary. Genital warts can be treated chemically with ointments or removed surgically, for example by laser.

The early start of therapy for HIV is crucial. Effective therapy not only prevents the progression of the disease, but also the passing on of the virus. Most sexually transmitted diseases can be treated with antimicrobial drugs. Nevertheless, treatment is complicated by the problem of drug resistance.

Medication and therapies

Despite great progress in HIV therapies a cure is currently not possible. However, the course of the disease can be slowed down with medication. HIV-positive people do not pass on the virus under effective treatment. This shows how important early diagnosis and treatment is. Treating other sexually transmitted diseases at an early stage significantly improves the chances of recovery. Unfortunately, shame and ignoring symptoms prevent many people from seeking help in time.

Dealing with specific diseases (e.g. Mpox, genital herpes)

Mpox, also known as monkeypox, can be transmitted through direct skin contact or bodily fluids. Sexual activity increases the risk of infection. Symptoms often appear three weeks after infection and include rashes that may be painful or itchy, fever and swollen lymph nodes. If Mpox is suspected, strict hygiene measures should be observed immediately and medical attention sought, as the disease is notifiable.

Genital herpes is often transmitted by the herpes simplex virus type 2 during unprotected sexual intercourse. It can be recognized by painful blisters in the genital area. Condoms can reduce the risk of transmitting Mpox and other infections, but complete protection is not guaranteed as symptoms can also occur on other parts of the body.

Stigma and education

Stigmas and prejudices about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major problem. They make it difficult to access important information and treatments. Many people feel uncomfortable talking about sexual health. This is often due to social taboos. However, such conversations are important to prevent the spread of diseases. A third of new HIV infections affect young people between the ages of 15 and 24. This shows how urgently education about safe sexual practices is needed. The fact that many infections occur without symptoms also shows why regular testing is important.

Breaking down prejudices

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are widespread. There are more than 30 pathogens that can be transmitted through sexual contact. They affect people regardless of age, gender or sexual orientation. The World Health Organization estimates that there are around 1 million transmissions worldwide every day. Many remain undetected. Chlamydia is a common STI. In women, they show no symptoms in at least 70 percent of cases. Condoms are important to protect yourself. Without protection, the risk increases. Untreated STIs lead to serious consequences such as infertility.

Open conversations about sexual health

Open conversations about sexual health are essential. This enables people to know their HIV status and protect themselves and their partners. Early diagnosis of STIs often enables effective treatment. If left untreated, infections can have serious consequences. Unprotected sex with multiple partners is a major reason for the spread of infections. If one partner is not treated, the risk of re-infection increases. Oral sex can also transmit infections such as genital herpes. This is why it is important to talk openly about all sexual practices.

Table: Important facts about STIs

Open communication and regular testing are crucial to prevent the spread of STIs and ensure long-term health.

Conclusion and outlook

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a global health problem. With millions of new cases every day, it is important to control the spread. Many STIs are asymptomatic, making diagnosis difficult and increasing the risk of transmission. New research shows that a dose of doxycycline after unprotected sex can help prevent infection. Indirect transmission, for example through sharing sex toys, is also a risk. Preventive measures are therefore crucial.

The importance of regular testing

Regular testing for STIs is important, as many infections can go undetected. Women up to the age of 24 in particular should be tested annually for chlamydia should be tested annually. Early treatment is crucial, as many STIs are curable. If left untreated, they can have serious consequences such as infertility.

List of benefits of regular screening:

• Early detection of infections
• Prevention of transmission to partners
• Prevention of serious health consequences

Promoting health and safety in partnerships

Safer sex protects your health. The risk of an STI also exists with a steady partner. Asymptomatic infections increase the risk of transmission. Condoms significantly reduce the risk, but do not offer complete protection against all STIs. Vaccinations against hepatitis B and HPV are effective steps to minimize risk.

Table: Measures for STI prevention

Through appropriate measures and regular examinations, we can promote health in partnerships and curb the spread of STIs. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are caused by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Common bacterial STIs are Chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis. These can often run their course without symptoms.

Viral infections

1. HIVLeads to AIDS.
2. Hepatitis B: Can cause serious liver damage.
3. HPV: Has both low- and high-grade risks.

Untreated chlamydia can cause involuntary childlessness in around 100,000 women in Germany every year. Hepatitis B is considered particularly dangerous as it causes more deaths than other STIs combined. Vaccination has been recommended for infants since 2006.

Prevention and early treatment are crucial to avoid secondary diseases. Condoms and vaccinations offer effective protection against many of these infections.

Chlamydia infection

Chlamydia infections are sexually transmitted diseases that are often asymptomatic. At least half of those infected have no symptoms, which makes early diagnosis difficult. Nevertheless, there are some symptoms that can occur.

Symptoms in women:

• Unusual discharge
• Pain when urinating
• Intermittent bleeding
• Pain during sexual intercourse

Symptoms in men:

• White, watery discharge from the penis
• Pain when urinating

A chlamydia infection can be diagnosed using tests that can be carried out just a few days after contact. These tests can be carried out using swabs or urine samples.

Treatment of the Chlamydia infection is usually carried out with antibiotics. Early treatment is simple and effective in the initial stages.

To summarize, it is important to treat a suspected chlamydia infection it is important to carry out a test at an early stage. Timely diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent further health problems.

Source: istockphoto Pornpak Khunatorn